The Words Of Lev S. Vygotsky, Through Others We Become...

In the words of Lev S. Vygotsky, â€Å"Through others we become ourselves.† When we are first born, we immediately and naturally identify ourselves with physical traits such as our gender, race, and ethnicity. However, true identity, is far beyond what meets the eye. Instead, the generation we are born into, the family we share, and experiences we have, all shape our views of the world and the role we play within it. Author Joel Stein in the TIME Magazine article entitled â€Å"Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation† and Richard Rodriguez in his â€Å"Achievement of Desire† both use personal and real life reflections to suggest the ongoing search for one’s identity. Both societal and personal growth are made possible by examining the past (previous generations), with hopes to define the current one. Our identity can often be categorized by the generation we were born into. Whether a Baby Boomer, a Generation X, or a Generation Y, most commonly refer to now as a, â€Å"Millennial†, each member of these generations differ greatly in many facets. Not only is there a substantial age gap between generations, but the political, economical, social and technological attitudes and influences within each differ. The clash of opinions, attitudes, and age often create debate and disagreement between generations. The current generation, the Millennials, have often criticized for being â€Å"narcissistic† (Stein 5). Their confidence and sense of entitlement has earned them this label. High self-esteem has insteadShow MoreRelatedCloud4472 Words   |  18 Pagescorrect rules beyond the their proper domain of application, we have a misconception. For example, many pupils learn early on that a short way to multiply by ten is to ‘add a zero’. But what happens to this rule, and to a child’s understanding, when s/he is required multiply fractions and decimals by ten? Askew and Wiliam note that It seems that to teach in a way that avoid pupils creating any misconceptions †¦ is not possible, and that we have to accept that pupils will make some generalisationsRead MoreLanguage : Oral Language, Body Language And The Written Word Essay1969 Words   |  8 Pagesappear in many forms, throughout our lives. Psychologist Lev Vygotsky suggests that language plays the most critical role in the development of cognitive thinking in childhood, and he believes that, in the life of a child there is nothing more powerful or vital to the ‘tool kit’ of life than the possession of language (Woolfolk Margetts 2013). This essay will discuss the many dimensions of language: oral language, body language and the written word. It will explore how language differs and develops andRead MoreSocial and Emotional Development10353 Words   |  42 PagesChild Development: Social and Emotional Development Child Development - Social and Emotional Development Introduction: As we grow older we change; these changes are most visible during infancy and childhood. From birth, babies grow larger and show noticeable development in both their social and intellectual competence. The study of age-related changes in human behaviour is referred to as developmental psychology. Child development refers to the psychological and biological changes thatRead MoreSocial and Emotional Development10365 Words   |  42 PagesChild Development: Social and Emotional Development Child Development - Social and Emotional Development Introduction: As we grow older we change; these changes are most visible during infancy and childhood. From birth, babies grow larger and show noticeable development in both their social and intellectual competence. The study of age-related changes in human behaviour is referred to as developmental psychology. Child development refers to the psychological and biological changes that occurRead MoreThe Relationship Between Academic Performance Of Sports And Non-Student Athletes4602 Words   |  19 Pagestimeless issue. Educators search endlessly to make those connections and find correlations between certain students and what makes some perform exceptionally better academically than others. Within the same cohort of students, how can one group seemingly elevate themselves to higher levels of academic success than others? Why do extracurricular activities such as athletics tend to have major influence, either positive or negative, on overall student academic success? This is evident in many s tudiesRead MoreReal Self How Others See Me Ideal Self3515 Words   |  15 PagesChapter 11 Assignment: Real Self How Others See Me Ideal Self Honest Intelligent Honest Individualistic Relaxed Confident Introvert Selfless Positive Friendly Friendly Self-Assured Shy Helpful Assertive Understanding Timid Generous Sensitive Active Responsible Active Understanding Understanding Affectionate Logical Affectionate Opinionated Opinionated Intelligent I am an introvert and had very bad social skills. It seems like many normal people naturally adapt to social situations but not meRead MoreHealth and Social Care4535 Words   |  19 Pagesprovide a set of guiding principles and concepts that describe and explain human development. Some developmental theories focus on the formation of a specific quality, such as  Kohlberg s theory of moral development. Other developmental theories focus on growth that happens throughout the lifespan, such as  Erikson s theory of psychosocial development. Grand theories are those comprehensive ideas often proposed by major thinkers such as  Sigmund Freud,Erik Erikson  and  Jean Piaget. Grand theories of

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In the short story, Desiree’s Baby, Kate Chopin there is a sense of karma and consequences that are used in the story wrote that. The story explores the problem of a man’s pride overcoming the love he has for his wife and race. In the short story, Desiree’s baby by Kate Chopin the character Armand Aubigny is racist, in denial and mean. In the story, Armand is a slave owner in Louisiana. In addition, the historical background puts race and heritage into the story as the key points to be seen and understood. The theory that I am applying in my story is that of Cultural Studies. The cultural studies theory concentrates on how and the way a particular subject relates to a social class, ideology, gender, ethnicity, and nationality. Armand†¦show more content†¦As master of the LAbri plantation, he is a strict taskmaster who treats the slaves harshly—so much so, the narrator says, that the â€Å"negroes had forgotten how to be gay.† As a husband, Armand clearly rules the home. â€Å"When he frowned, Desiree trembled,† the narrator observes. â€Å"When he smiled, she asked no greater blessing of God.† Although his manner softens after the child is born, his demeanor remains in question. As Desiree observes, â€Å"Armand is the proudest father in the parish, I believe, chiefly because it is a boy, to bear his name; though he says not,—that he would have loved a girl as well. But I know it isnt true.† In other words, Armand judges the worth of the child according to its gender in addition to its race. A male meant that the proud Aubigny name and aristocratic heritage would endure, perhaps for many generations. However, when Armand discovers that the child has Negro blood, he becomes sullen and cruel, and he makes it known that his wife and child are no longer welcome at LAbri. He even tries to erase their memory by burning all their clothing and household items. Race is the second major issue in the short story besides pride. Since Armand figured that, he knew his past and who he actually was and he assumed that Desiree was the reason why their baby is mixed. In addition, because of the fact that Desiree was adopted and did not know what her ethnicity was Armand felt like her race,

Nature in Literature Free Essays

Nature plays a huge role in many pieces of literature, but especially Basho’s Narrow Road to the Deep North and Voltaire’s Candide. There is a major difference between the two forms of literature and how nature is incorporated into each. This Japanese form of literature has a much lighter tone than that of the European style of literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature in Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now You can see a calmer, more relaxed intention into the nature that is in Basho’s Narrow Road to the Deep North. On page 413 in Basho’s piece, it says â€Å"As the year gradually came to an end and spring arrived, filling the sky with mist, I longed to cross the Shirakawa Barrier, the most revered of poetic places. † From this section, you can see that Basho gets his inspiration for his literature and poetry from the places that he travels, and this resulted in his linked-verse sequence. Even though Basho had a long, tough journey of travels; the nature takes his breath away. On page 416 of Narrow Road to the Deep North, it says â€Å"my body and spirit were tired from the pain of the long journey; my heart overwhelmed by the landscape. † This statement shows that regardless of the struggles, he could find a poetic sense in everything he went through. In Narrow Road to the Deep North, Basho also found religion to accompany the bright nature in his literature of his travels. On page 418, Basho writes, â€Å"the green of pine is dark and dense, the branches and leaves bent by the salty breeze—as if they were deliberately twisted. How to cite Nature in Literature, Papers

Spiritual Intelligence free essay sample

30 What ls Spiritual Intelligence? Vaughan, F. What is Spiritual Intelligence? Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol 42, No. 2. Spring 2002, 16-33 ? 2003 Sage Publications. WHAT IS SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE? FRANCES VAUGHAN, Ph. D. , is a psychologist in private practice in Mill Valley, California, and author of several books integrating psychological and spiritual development. 1-Icr most recent book; Shadows of the Sacred: Seeing Through Spiritual Illusions, draws on many years of experience as a practitioner of humanistic and transpersonal psychology and explores issues that individuals encounter on the spiritual path. She is coeditor of Paths Beyond Ego: The Transpersonal Vision, and she is a contributor to the Encyclopedia of Psychology (APA Books, 2000). She was formerly on the clinical faculty at the University of California Medical School at Irvine and has served as president of the Association for Transpersonal Psychology and the Association of Humanistic Psychology. She is currently serving as a trustee of the Fetzer Institute. Summary This inquiry into spiritual intelligence suggests that it is one of several types of intelligence and that it can be developed relatively independently. Spiritual intelligence calls for multiple ways of knowing and for the integration of the inner life of mind and spirit with the outer life of work in the world. It can be cultivated through questing, inquiry, and practice. Spiritual experiences may also contribute to its development, depending on the context and means of integration. Spiritual maturity is expressed through wisdom and compassionate action in the world. Spiritual intelligence is necessary for discernment in making spiritual choices that contribute to psychological wellbeing and overall healthy human development. Spirituality exists in the hearts and minds of men and women everywhere, within religious traditions and independently of tradition. If, following theologian Paul Tillich, we define spirituality as the domain of ultimate concern, then everyone is spiritual because everyone has ultimate concerns. However, the term ultimate concern can be interpreted in many different ways. Some people do not consider themselves or their concerns to be spiritual. Spirituality, like emotion, has varying degrees of depth and expression. It may be conscious or unconscious, developed or undeveloped, ealthy or pathological, naive or sophisticated, beneficial or dangerously distorted. Some current definitions of spirituality can be summarized as follows: (a) Spirituality involves the highest levels of any of the developmental lines, for example, cognitive, moral, emotional, and interpersonal; (b) spirituality is itself a separate developmental line; (c) spirituality is an attitude (such as openness to love) at any stage: and (d) spirituality involves peak experiences not stages. An integral perspective would presumably include all these different views, and others as well (Wilber, 2000). Spirituality may also be described in terms of ultimate belonging or connection to the transcendental ground of being. Some people define spirituality in terms of relationship to God, to fellow humans, or to the earth. Others define it in terms of devotion and commitment to a particular faith or form of practice. To understand how spirituality can contribute to the good life, defined in humanistic terms as living authentically the full possibilities of being human (Anastoos, 1998), it seems necessary to differentiate healthy spirituality from beliefs and practices that may be detrimental to well-being. This leads to the challenge of defining and cultivating spiritual intelligence. 30 What ls Spiritual Intelligence? Because there is little agreement about definitions of spirituality, discussions of spiritual intelligence need to be exploratory rather than definitive. By asking what is meant by spiritual intelligence, I hope to stimulate further discussion of this topic that I think merits further investigation. MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES Intelligence is sometimes defined as the ability to manage cognitive complexity. In current usage, the distinction between intelligence and reason has been largely lost. For example, as defined in Webster’s Dictionary (Mish, 1993), intelligence includes the ability to understand, to apply knowledge, to use reason skillfully, and to manipulate one’s environment. The view that intelligence comprises many different abilities is supported by current trends in neurology and cognitive psychology. Among researchers who have identified various types of intelligence, Howard Gardner’s (1993) pioneering work at Harvard on multiple intelligences has helped people understand that ntelligence is multifaceted. His work is currently being applied in many schools across America. Gardner’s research indicates that different kinds of intelligence develop relatively independently of each other, and proficiency in one area does not imply proficiency in another. For example, linguistic skill with words can be differentiated from logical mathematical skill wi th numbers and from the spatial intelligence that perceives spatial relationships. Excellence in one area does not necessarily tell us anything about abilities in another. In addition, Gardner (1993) discussed kinesthetic intelligence that enables a person to use the body in highly differentiated and skilled ways, such as dance or athletics; musical intelligence necessary for all different kinds of musical aptitude; intrapersonal intelligence that implies awareness of one’s own thoughts and feelings; and interpersonal intelligence that enables us to relate to others empathically. lie does not discuss spiritual intelligence as a separate line of development. Daniel Goleman’s (1995) research on emotional intelligence, based primarily on intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence, indicates that success in many areas of life depends on emotional skills as much as on cognitive capacities. Emotional intelligence includes self-awareness and self-control, as well as the ability to get along well with others. Getting along with others implies an ability to listen, to communicate, to accept feedback, and to empathize with different points of view. According to Goleman and others, different kinds of intelligence are associated with different areas of the brain. Although little research has been done to isolate areas of the brain associated with spirituality, numerous studies in meditation research indicate that significant physiological changes result from even limited practice (Murphy Donovan, 1999; Shapiro Walsh, 1984; Walsh Vaughan, 1993). Studies that measure the effects of intensive, long-term practice point to significant psychological benefits in addition to deepening emotional and spiritual sensitivity. An interesting anecdote about Emmanuel Swedenborg, the 18th-century scientist who became a visionary mystic and founded the Swedenborgian church, says that when Swedenborg suffered a stroke that left him paralyzed on one side of his body, he lost his visionary capacity (Wulff, 1991). This certainly suggests that a spiritual gift may be associated with specific areas of the brain. However, the fact that spiritual experiences have physiological correlates in the brain does not necessarily mean that they are caused by the brain. Presumably neurophysiology plays a role in all experience, but referral to brain and bodily processes does not help us fully comprehend spiritual experiences or evaluate their significance. In recent years, numerous empirical studies have supported the idea that certain spiritual beliefs and practices are positively associated with physical and mental health (Richards, 1999). In addition to exploring the relationship of spirituality to health and healing (Dossey, 1993), researchers are also investigating the impact of spiritual beliefs on the dying process (Gallup, 1997). Practical applications of spirituality are finding their way into the mainstream practice of medicine and alternative methods of healing (Boyle, 1999), and distinctions between religiousness and contemporary spirituality are being clarified (Wuthnow, 1998). 30 What ls Spiritual Intelligence? DEFINING SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE Based on my experience of many years of working at the interface of psychology and spirituality, I would like to offer some perspectives that I think should be included in attempting to define spiritual intelligence. Spiritual intelligence is concerned with the inner life of mind and spirit and its relationship to being in the world. Spiritual intelligence implies a capacity for a deep understanding of existential questions and insight into multiple levels of consciousness. Spiritual intelligence also implies awareness of spirit as the ground of being or as the creative life force of evolution. If the evolution of life from stardust to mineral, vegetable, animal, and human existence implies some form of intelligence rather than being a purely random process, it might be called spiritual. Spiritual intelligence emerges as consciousness evolves into an ever-deepening awareness of matter, life, body, mind, soul, and spirit. Spiritual intelligence, then, is more than individual mental ability. It appears to connect the personal to the transpersonal and the self to spirit. Spiritual intelligence goes beyond conventional psychological development. In addition to self-awareness, it implies awareness of our relationship to the transcendent, to each other, to the earth and all beings. Working as a psychotherapist, my impression is that piritual intelligence opens the heart, illuminates the mind, and inspires the soul, connecting the individual human psyche to the underlying ground of being. Spiritual intelligence can be developed with practice and can help a person distinguish reality from illusion. It may be expressed in any culture as love, wisdom, and service. Spiritual intelligence is related to emotional intelligence insofar as spiritual practice includes developing intr apersonal and interpersonal sensitivity. Paying attention to subjective thoughts and feelings and cultivating empathy is part of increasing awareness of the inner spiritual life. Spiritual intelligence depends on the capacity to see things from more than one perspective and to recognize the relationships between perception, belief, and behavior. Most people are expected to take responsibility for behavior but not for beliefs or perceptions, although these are intimately interconnected. Refining any form of intelligence requires training and discipline, and spiritual intelligence is no exception. We rely on spiritual intelligence when we explore the meaning of questions such as â€Å"Who am IT â€Å"Why am I here? and â€Å"What really matters? † Perhaps spiritual intelligence can also help a person discover hidden wellsprings of love and joy beneath the stress and turmoil of everyday life. DIFFERENT WAYS OF KNOWING Definitions of spiritual intelligence seem incomplete if they do not include different ways of knowing. In a recent survey of grassroots spirituality, Robert Forman (1997) reported that people from many different traditions tend to view sp irituality today as being experiential rather than conceptual, and clearly transrational. Contemplative practices, such as meditation, seem particularly relevant for refining spiritual intelligence because it depends on familiarity with at least three distinct ways of knowing: sensory, rational, and contemplative. These three ways of knowing appear to be an integral part of the spiritual intelligence that some people demonstrate. The 1)alai Lama, for instance, is evidently very familiar with different ways of knowing and seems to he continuously aware of multiple levels of consciousness. I have heard him give extraordinarily complex and sophisticated lectures on the nature of consciousness, and I have seen him respond to hostile questions with grace and dignity. His demeanor of friendliness and compassion never wavers. lie seems to practice what he preaches when he says, â€Å"I consider 30 What ls Spiritual Intelligence? human affection, or compassion, to be the universal religion. Whether a believer or a nonbeliever, everyone needs human affection and compassion, because compassion gives us inner strength, hope and mental peace. Thus, it is indispensable for everyone† (as cited in Grey, 1998, p. 77). Descriptions of various levels of consciousness provide useful maps for differentiating spiritual intelligence from other types of intelligence (Wilber, 1995). Wilber (1999) pointed out that although many of us have had peak experiences that access expanded states of transpersonal consciousness, we can, with practice, evolve into having constant access to the wi tness or pure awareness that is aware of all levels. This awareness can be maintained through waking, dreaming, and sleeping states because it is always already present in all three states. He says, â€Å"Spirit is not an altered state of consciousness or a nonordinary state. There is only Spirit. . . within which different states arise† (p. 322). From another perspective, Islamic scholar Seyyed Hossein Nasr(1989) said, â€Å"Intelligence is a divine gift which pierces through the veil of maya and is able to know reality as such† (p. 146). In this context, intelligence refers to * the capacity of distinguishing truth from illusion, which implies more than just being sensitive to subtle energies and spiritual phenomena. Ideally, spiritual intelligence would enable us to see things as they are, free from unconscious distortions. In contrast to wishful thinking or grasping for certainty, exercising spiritual intelligence implies facing existential realities such as freedom, suffering, and death and grappling with the perennial quest for meaning. For many people, spiritual intelligence also implies aesthetic sensitivity and appreciation of beauty. Physically, spiritual intelligence is sometimes associated with sensitivity to subtle energy currents in the body. Practices such as meditation, yoga, and martial arts that quiet the mind can expand awareness and refine perceptual sensitivity to energy, sound, light, and subtle levels of consciousness. Since ancient times, spirituality has been an integral part of human life. I believe everyone has the potential for developing spiritual intelligence, just as everyone has a capacity for intuition, thinking, sensing, and feeling (Vaughan, 1979). However, these capacities develop and become more reliable when we pay attention to them. Whereas some people try to ignore spiritual issues, others choose to cultivate spiritual sensitivity. Because people now have access to a wide variety of spiritual teachings, intelligent discernment is needed to make wise choices and avoid some of the entrapping seductions of spiritual illusions (Anthony, Ecker, Wilber, 1987; Deikman, 1990; Vaughan, 1995). SPIRITUAL MATURITY Spiritual intelligence can be developed by a variety of practices for training attention, transforming emotions, and cultivating ethical behavior. These practices are not the exclusive property of any single religious tradition or spiritual teaching. Although spiritual intelligence is related to cognitive, emotional, or moral development, it is not identical to any of them. Because different kinds of intelligence develop at different rates, a person may be highly developed in one of these areas but not in others. When left unresolved, emotional or ethical issues certainly inhibit spiritual development. Spiritual maturity, as an expression of spiritual intelligence, subsumes a degree of emotional and moral maturity as well as ethical behavior. As I understand it, spiritual maturity implies exercising wisdom and compassion in relationship to other people, regardless of gender, creed, age, or ethnic origin, as well as reverence and respect for all forms of life. Spiritual maturity also suggests a subjective sense of insight and understanding based on the willingness to recognize illusions, to love in the face of impermanence, and to come to terms with existential freedom and mortality. It implies a depth and breadth of vision that encompasses a whole spectrum of perspectives and multiple modes of knowing. Furthermore, spiritual maturity implies connecting the inner life of mind and spirit with the outer life of action and service in the world. 30 What ls Spiritual Intelligence? Self-awareness is essential for developing spiritual maturity. When attention is directed inward, a person may begin by trying to attend to subjective sensations, feelings, and thoughts. At first, one is likely to be completely preoccupied with personal issues, unable to quiet the mind even for a minute. The mind seems to have a mind of its own and may be continuously engaged in reviewing the past or fantasizing plans for the future, despite the best intentions to stay in the moment and witness subjective processes. Fascination with personal melodramas and stories can be a distraction if one is attempting to focus attention or cultivate choiceless awareness. Realizing that attention can be voluntarily redirected can begin the process of undoing old habits of thought and patterns of behavior. As therapists, we are trained to witness other people’s stories with full, non-interfering attention. It seems evident that when we attend to one another with a quiet mind, in the light of spiritual intelligence, old wounds are healed and hearts are opened. Being with others in silent meditation can also have a healing effect. When one is drawn to deeper contemplative practices by a longing for wholeness and understanding, a spiritual path unfolds, leading gradually to spiritual maturity. Some qualities that tend to be associated with spiritual maturity include loving kindness, honesty, tolerance, open-mindedness, and inner peace or equanimity in the face of life’s existential challenges. THE SPIRITUAL PATH The spiritual path is a metaphor for the development of spiritual qualities, including spiritual intelligence. Followed with commitment and integrity, a path can lead from the bondage of unconsciousness to spiritual freedom, from fear and defensiveness to love and compassion, and from ignorance and confusion to wisdom and understanding (Vaughan, 1995). The goal of the path may be described by terms such as enlightenment, awakening, inner peace, or selfrealization. Whatever the goal, the process involves a transformation of consciousness. Most traditions say that progress on the path depends on spiritual practice. Practice can deepen the capacity for love and compassion, wisdom and transcendence, and help people cultivate other qualities to which they may aspire. Spiritual intelligence enables one to recognize the value of these qualities in others as well as within oneself. A spiritual path may emphasize ascent to higher states of consciousness and selftranscendence or descent into communion with nature and body awareness (Wilber, 1995). The integral yoga of Sri Aurobindo (1976), the 20th-century Indian sage, regarded the attainment of transcendental freedom as a necessary but insufficient goal of practice. His philosophy holds that ascent to the divine is only the first step. A further goal is descent of the new consciousness for world transformation. The wisdom traditions all offer stories and metaphors of transformation that depict stages on the path, such as the soul’s journey in Christianity, stages of the self in Sufism, or the 10 oxherding pictures in Zen Buddhism. The first stage of the path is usually self-centered. One may seek solace for pain and suffering or pray for help in times of terror or despair. A war veteran, for example, confessed that he was not shy about praying in the face of imminent death. Even atheists sometimes turn to God when under fire. At conventional levels, spiritual life is usually associated with a group. Attendance at church or synagogue and observance of religious holidays and rituals such as baptisms, weddings, and funerals are a major focus of religious life. At this stage, concern is extended to the wellbeing of the group, whether it be the immediate family, the community, or an ethnic or religious identification. At post-conventional levels of development, beyond the conventional observance of social customs, the unfolding of the spiritual path requires self-awareness and familiarity with different ways of perceiving reality. Although the basic intuition of spirit can be discerned at any stage, this awareness is more easily integrated with rationality as a person grows into spiritual maturity (Wilber, 1997). 30 What ls Spiritual Intelligence? Further stages of development depend on the capacity to coordinate different perspectives and to extend compassionate concern to all beings. As the relationship between subjective, objective, and inter-subjective modes of consciousness comes into focus, insightful interpretations of experience can contribute to deepening practice. Although developing spiritual intelligence does not depend on a particular path or practice, it does depend on expanding consciousness to include a widening circle of empathic identification, sensitivity to subtle realities, and familiarity with various symbolic maps of consciousness. In our culture today, increasing numbers of people are embracing a spirituality based on a variety of practices drawn from more than one tradition (Wuthnow, 1998). Practice may include complex rituals or simply listening to the still, small voice that helps one align with the transcendent, whether this is conceived as the wu wei of Taoism, the effortless effort of Buddhism, or following the will of God. Following the will of God does not mean resignation or passively â€Å"going with the flow. † It means cultivating discernment, listening to the heart, and following inner guidance (Johnson, 1998). A spiritual path that leads to love, freedom, and wholeness is concerned with the wellbeing of the whole— the whole person, the whole human family, the whole planet, and the whole web of life. FAITH AND SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE Symbolic images and archetypes can convey multiple levels of meaning to religious ceremonies and rituals, and myths and stories provide a context of meaning for events and transitions in life. For example, ancient stories and metaphors of transformation such as death and rebirth, awakening from the dream, or recovering buried treasure all symbolize developmental possibilities (Metzner, 1998). Recognizing stages of faith development as described by James Fowler(1995) in his classic work Stages of Faith seems particularly relevant to investigating spiritual intelligence. Fowler said that faith gives coherence and direction to our lives and enables us to face the inevitable difficulties of our existential condition. He pointed out that factors such as biological maturation, emotional and cognitive development, and cultural influences must be taken into account to understand faith development. Fowler’s (1995) six stages of faith span the spectrum of development from childhood to maturity: (a) In childhood, faith is based on fantasy and imagination; (b) in the mythic literal stage, stories are interpreted literally; (c) at the conventional stage, beliefs tend to be conventional and unexamined; (d) the individuated reflective stage is characterized by demythologizing and individual responsibility for values and beliefs; (e) the conjunctive stage, which usually emerges in midlife, involves a recognition of the unconscious and a more paradoxical understanding of truth; and finally (f) universalizing faith is inclusive of all being and free from ideological shackles. Although development does not necessarily progress in a neat, linear fashion from one stage to another, spiritual maturity implies adequately negotiating all these stages of faith. Spiritual experiences may be interpreted very differently by people at different stages of faith. Sacred rituals, art, and music are meant to evoke consciousness of spirit, but no form of expression can do more than point the way to a direct experience of transcendence. Furthermore, although deep experiences can be subjectively significant, they do not necessarily lead to a religious or spiritual life (Smith, 1993). On the other hand, given a supportive context for integration, a transcendent experience can have a powerful transformative effect. As Scott Richards (1999) observed in his address at the American Psychological Association, transcendent spiritual experiences often positively affect people’s psychological functioning and wellbeing. By changing people â€Å"from the inside out,† such experiences can reorient their values and significantly alter their worldviews. Deep spiritual experiences can certainly be life changing. Whether they are beneficial or not may depend, to a great extent, on the context in which they occur and how well they can be integrated with ordinary life. Discernment and insightful interpretation by a wise mentor or 30 What ls Spiritual Intelligence? counselor can help the process. In my own experience of working with people struggling to integrate spiritual experiences with ordinary life, a cognitive framework supporting the development of spiritual intelligence has been useful. In addition to an appropriate, comprehensive belief system and worldview, a supportive community and ongoing practice can also contribute to healthy integration. INSPIRATION AND PRACTICE Spiritual experience, like inspiration (Hart, 1998), is commonly associated with feelings of clarity, connection, opening, and energy. In art or other creative work, seeking inspiration can be a spiritual endeavor. To be inspired is to be in the spirit; to be dispirited is to feel separated and discouraged. When one is inspired by a work of art, a spiritual teacher, or a new insight, one feels refreshed, revitalized, and renewed. Spiritual growth often begins with inspiration. In Sufi teachings, for example, it is the inspired self that first tastes the joys of spiritual experience and begins to take genuine pleasure in prayer, meditation, and other spiritual activities (Fadiman Frager, 1997). A taste of creative inspiration can often encourage spiritual practice. Practice then becomes more attractive and compelling than worldly distractions. Spiritual practices can be defined broadly as intentional activities concerned with relating to the sacred. They usually include activities such as prayer, meditation, contemplation, and service (Wuthnow, 1998). The objective can be described in religious terms as a process of purification or in psychological terms as movement up Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Walsh, 1999). Cultivating spiritual intelligence seems to call for a commitment to some form of spiritual practice. Roger Walsh (1999) described seven practices common to world religions that foster opening the heart and mind and help people cultivate some of these qualities. He discussed motivation for spiritual growth and the universal desire for happiness, emotional transformation for healing old wounds and cultivating love and gratitude, ethical living for peace of mind, attentional training for concentration, the awakening of spiritual vision, and wisdom and service, Integral practice refers to disciplines derived from many traditions that integrate body, emotions, mind, and spirit (Murphy Leonard, 1995). These practices expand awareness of wholeness and the intimate relationship between mind and matter, body, soul, and spirit. By enhancing awareness and cultivating sensitivity to inner realms of experience, practices such as yoga, meditation, psychotherapy, vision quests, journaling, music, and movement contribute to the development of spiritual intelligence. Some practices focus on the exploration of subtle realms of consciousness, as in the Christian â€Å"discernment of spirits. † Others aim for clarity that transcends form, whereas other s reach for transcendence of form and formlessness in a non-dual perception of reality as a whole. Contemplative practices range from simple reflection to deep meditative awareness that transcends thought altogether. Today, many people are making an effort to weave the deep experiences of silence and harmony attained in contemplation into the fabric of daily life. Spiritual intelligence facilitates the integration of subjective insights and illuminations with ways of being and acting in the world. SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH Spiritual intelligence can generally be associated with psychological health, although some forms of spirituality may be dysfunctional or pathogenic (Deikman, 1990). When spiritual beliefs foster denial and projection and contribute to fear and conflict, they can be destructive and seriously problematic. For example, when a cult leader exerts control over people through manipulation of fear and guilt, the community may exhibit the characteristics of a dysfunctional 30 What ls Spiritual Intelligence? family. It can sometimes take a person years to recover from having made a spiritual commitment without discernment. Conventional religion often provides a person with a sense of security and belonging, serving as a social support to its members. Among those who have been disillusioned by conventional religion, spirituality is more likely to be inner directed. A person may still belong to a group, but with the development of spiritual intelligence the circle of empathic identification expands to all people and takes the well-being of the whole into account. When we recognize our interconnectedness and interdependence, it becomes possible to view the world from multiple perspectives. Developing spiritual intelligence includes and transcends personal growth, extending to the farther reaches of healthy psychological development. It begins with cultivating authenticity and self-awareness and develops with practice to a concern for all beings. Some personal characteristics that could be associated with spiritual intelligence are the traditional virtues of veracity, humility, and charity, which could also be described as authenticity, respect for differences, and the willingness to engage in service to others. Well-developed spiritual intelligence could also be associated with the absence of defensiveness and hostility as well as an inclination to kindness and generosity. Of course, these traits can also be found in psychologically healthy people who do not consider themselves particularly spiritual. In other words, they can be considered necessary but insufficient conditions for spiritual intelligence. SPIRITUAL INQUIRY Following are some examples of how spiritual intelligence can be discerned in connection with different areas of inquiry. Scientific inquiry. Research into spirituality is now under way in a variety of fields, including medicine, psychology and thanatology. Applying spiritual intelligence to all areas of inquiry means reexamining beliefs and assumptions about reality and deepening our inquiry to include subjective as well as objective perspectives. Just as information is necessary but not sufficient for scientific knowledge, knowledge is necessary but not sufficient for wisdom. Spiritual choices. The wide assortment of spiritual teachings that is now available at any bookstore confronts anyone seeking spiritual guidance with many choices. When the marketplace is flooded with information of variable quality, each person must sort out what is relevant and valuable from that which is seductively entrapping (Anthony et aI. , 1987). Spiritual intelligence could enable a person to recognize what really matters (Schwartz, 1995). Relationships. In addition to deepening primary love relationships, spiritual intelligence contributes to healing relationships in families and among friends and colleagues and helps people appreciate teachers and mentors. By integrating heart and mind, spiritual intelligence could help people recognize the power of forgiveness and enhance their capacity to give and receive love. In intimate relationships, spiritual intelligence helps us learn from our mistakes and make wise choices. Parenting. Early childhood experiences of spirituality can have a long-lasting effect (Hoffman, 1992). A child learns the basic elements of spiritual intelligence while exploring the inner world of imagination. For example, understanding the meaning of symbols can help both adults and children appreciate metaphors and stories. Solitude. Discovering the value of periods of silence and solitude seems essential to the work of spiritual inquiry. Periods of solitude, whether in nature or in retreat, can often help a person come to terms with the existential realities of aloneness, freedom,. and death. 30 What ls Spiritual Intelligence? Varieties of spiritual experience. Any discussion of spiritual intelligence would be incomplete without acknowledging the wide range of spiritual experiences. Such experiences can offer significant insights, yet interpretations are inevitably shaped by beliefs and successful integration depends on both cognitive and emotional factors. Self-concept. Investigation of personal beliefs about who and what we think we are is an important part of spiritual inquiry. The teachings of the Indian sage Ramana Maharshi (2000) focus on a single question, â€Å"Who am I? † Sustained meditation on this question is meant to bring youth a state of self-realization and abiding peace and happiness. Many spiritual teachings encourage a person to disidentify from the ego, recognizing that the self-centered demands of the ego never satisfy the soul. The self can also disidentify from thoughts, feelings, and sensations and simply witness whatever arises in awareness. Buddhist teachings point out that any selfconcept can be deconstructed. THE SPIRITUAL QUEST A person on a spiritual path may identify with being a soul n a quest for meaning rather than an ego in pursuit of personal power. The soul is usually identified as the innermost, essential part of oneself(Vaughan, 1995). The quest may focus on a search for truth or enlightenment or on the r ealization of one’s true nature. Some people choose to make a commitment of devotion to a teacher or a particular path that promises to fulfill the quest, whereas others prefer to follow a more solitary path of individuation. At one time, the spiritual quest presumably required renunciation of secular concerns. Today, it is more likely to be undertaken as an effort to balance and integrate the psychic forces that exist inside us (Moody, 1997). Although questing is an integral part of deepening awareness and cultivating spiritual intelligence, one can easily get lost in the quest, always searching for the next teacher or method that promises liberation. There is a time to seek, a time to practice, and a time to let go and let be, simply deepening silence. Sometimes one form of practice may be more compelling than another. Spiritual intelligence can help a person discern what is most appropriate at a given time. When the quest is fulfilled in a sense of illumination that brings insight into the meaning of life and a state of contentment ensues, the change may be temporary or it may have a lasting, transformative effect (Moody, 1997). Contentment is not to be confused with complacency or withdrawal. A soul that rests in contentment may regard everything in life as an opportunity for learning. In Sufism, the contented self accepts both joy and suffering without complaint (Fadiman Frager, 1997). The contented self is drawn to the practice of contemplation. In the words of the Christian mystic St. Teresa of Avila, You may think. . . that the soul (in the state of Union) should be so absorbed that she can occupy herself with nothing. You deceive yourselves. She turns with greater ease and ardor than before to all that which belongs to the service of God, and when these occupations leave her free again, she remains in the enjoyment of that companionship. as cited in Fontana, 1999, p. 5) When the soul is at rest in the peace that passes understanding, everything is perceived as grace and the heart overflows with gratitude and reverence for life. The mind that is intentionally trained in spiritual practice is closely connected to the heart and open to the world. According to Tibetan B uddhism, when the mind is calm, the sense of freedom and well-being that arises is not dependent on external circumstances. When the wisdom of the mind has been unveiled in the spiritually awakened person, boundless compassion for all sentient beings arises spontaneously (Wallace, 1999). 32 What Is Spiritual Intelligence? Practice that nurtures spiritual intelligence can be found in all the wisdom traditions and in all walks of life. Some individuals whose lives have inspired others to undertake the quest are famous, such as the Dalai Lama, Mother Teresa, or Thomas Merton. Many others are inconspicuous and prefer to remain anonymous. Three of my teachers, a Christian, a Buddhist, and a shaman, all shunned publicity and public recognition. They have touched many lives, simply demonstrating spiritual intelligence by being who they are. Spiritual intelligence helps us appreciate the value of different teachers at various stages on the path. INTEGRATING SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE A variety of integral visions seem to be emerging from the chaotic disintegration of postmodernism. These integral visions— such as Ken Wilber’s (1998) work on the integration of science and religion; humanistic and transpersonal theories integrating physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects of wellbeing; cross-cultural integral practices; and the common work of integrating the inner life of mind and spirit with action in the world—all point to a new appreciation of integration as a key to healing and wholeness. An integral view of spiritual intelligence subsumes multiple intelligences and looks at spiritual intelligence in the context of a person’s whole life. It is not enough for a person to claim spiritual knowledge if it is not expressed in the world through wisdom, compassion, and action. Integrating spiritual intelligence means living in accordance with one’s core beliefs. This integration reinforces a sense of purpose, whereas fragmentation leads to alienation and despair. I have seen many people awaken to a sense of gratitude and meaningful purpose when they do the inner work required for developing spiritual intelligence. Many questions remain to be explored. What can we expect from developing spiritual intelligence? What are the costs and benefits associated with spiritual freedom? What indicators of spiritual maturity can serve as guideposts on the path? In the unfolding story of human evolution, spiritual inquiry reflects the perennial quest for wisdom that gives life meaning. Integrating spiritual intelligence helps us deepen the quest and expand our vision of possibilities. REFERENCES Anastoos, C. (1998). Humanistic psychology and ecopsychology The Humanistic Psychologist, 26, 3-4. Anthony. H. , Ecker, B. , Wilber, K. (Eds. ). (1987). Spiritual choices. New York: Paragon House. Aurobindo, 5. (1976). The synthesis of yoga (3rd ed. ). Pondicherry, India: Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press. Boyle, P (1999). Integrating spirituality in the healthcare setting. Park Ridge Center Bulletin, 7, 2. Deikman, A. (1990). The wrong way home. Boston: Beacon. Dossey, L. (1993). Healing words: The power of prayer and the practice of medicine. San Francisco: HarperCollins. Fadiman, J. , Frager, R. (Eds. ). 1997). Essential Sufism. San Francisco: HarperCollins Fontana, D. (1999). Inner transformation and outer behavior. Transpersonal Psychology Review, 3(1), 5-13. Forman, H. (1997). Grassroots spirituality. Report prepared for the Fetzer Institute. Hastings on the Hudson, NY: Fo rge Institute. Fowler, J. (1995). Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. Gallup International Institute. (1997, October). Spiritual beliefs and the dying process. Princeton, NJ: Author. Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books. Golernan, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. Grey, A. (1998). The mission of art. Boston: Shambhala. 32 What Is Spiritual Intelligence? Hart, T. (1998). Inspiration. Journal offfumanisticPsychology,38(3), 7-35. Hoffman, E. (1992). Visions of innocence: Spiritual and inspirational experiences of childhood. Boston: Shambhala. Johnson, H. (1998). Balancing heaven and earth. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. Metzner, H. (1998). The unfolding self Novato, CA: Origin Press. Mish. F. C. (Ed. ). (1993). Merriam Webster, Inc collegiate dictionary (10th ed. ). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc. Moody, II. (1997). The five stages of the soul. New York: Doubleday Anchor. Murphy, M. Donovan, S. (1999). The physical and psychological effects of meditation (2nd ed. ). Sausalito, CA: Institute of Noetic Sciences. Murphy, M. , Leonard, 0(1995). The life we are given. New York: Tarcher. Nasr, S. H. (1989). Knowledge and the sacred. New York: State University of New York Press. Ramana Maharshi. (2000). Talks with Ram ana Maharshi. Carlsbad, CA: Inner Directions Foundation. Richards, P. S. (1999). Spiritual influences in healing and psychotherapy. Award Address, Division 36, American Psychological Association. Psychology of Religion Newsletter, 25(1), 1-6. Schwartz, T. (1995). What really matters: Searching for wisdom in America. New York: Bantam. Shapiro, D. , Walsh, R. (Eds. ). (l984). Meditation: Classic and contemporary perspectives. New York: Aldine. Smith, H. (1993). Do drugs have religious import? In R. Walsh F’. Vaughan (Eds. ), Paths beyond ego: The transpersonal vision (pp. 91-93). Los Angeles: Tarcher/Putnam. Vaughan, F. (1979). Awakening intuition. New York: Doubleday/Anchor. Vaughan, F. (1995). Shadows of the sacred: Seeing through spiritual illusions. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. Wallace, A. (1999). Boundless heart: The four immeasurables. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion. Walsh, R. (1999). Essential spirituality. New York: John Wiley. Walsh, H. , Vaughan, F. (Eds. ). (1993). Paths beyond ego: The transpersonal vision. Los Angeles: . 1. P. Tarcher/Putnam. Wilber, K. (1995). Sex, ecology, spirituality. Boston: Shambhala. Wilber, K. (1997). The eye of spirit. Boston: Shambhala. Wilber, K. (1998). The marriage of sense and soul. New York: Random House. Wilber, K. (1999). One taste. Boston: Shambhala. Wilber, K. (2000). Integral psychology. Boston: Shambhala. Wulff, D. (1991). The psychology of religion. New York: John Wiley. Wuthnow, R. (1998). After heaven: Spirituality in America since the 195O~s. Berkeley: University of California Press. Reprint requests: Frances Vaughan, 10 Millwood Street, Suite 3, Miii Valley, CA 94941-2066; [emailprotected] com

Research Proposal of the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry Essay Example

Research Proposal of the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry Essay Introduction Throughout the 20th century, the United States steel industry underwent major changes, which affected the structure of the industry, its major companies and the number of jobs in the steel industry. There is no secret that the number of manufacturing jobs in the U.S. steel industry has significantly decreased and will probably continue to fall due to several reasons. The United States steel industry entered the period of crises in the late 1950s, which intensively remained until the late 1960s despite the fact that specific measures are taken. Scientific research proves that the decline of the steel industry, which also resulted in the decline of the number of jobs in the steel industry, was caused by the combination of reasons. However, it is also proved the major reason was international trade, or to be exact, the increasing amount of imports. Consequences of the cut down of manufacturing jobs in the steel industry have affected a lot of communities significantly across the country , and especially, Eastern and Midwestern regions of the country, where the majority of steel mills were situated many years ago and continue to be there nowadays. Being a part of deindustrialization process decline of the number of jobs in the U.S. steel industry has negatively affected people, who were laid off their jobs as a result of cut down. Steel mills around which small towns have been built started to close, leaving now opportunities for future well-being for their former employees. Those who did not lose their jobs did not have even the smallest ray of hope and faith that they would not be laid off in the nearest future because the loss of money and the decline of competitive ability of steel mills were evident to everybody. The primary goal of designing current study is to discover and analyze significant reasons, which caused a decline in manufacturing jobs in the United States steel industry. The paper will focus on the historical facts leading up to these reasons as well as consequences of the decrease in the number of jobs. The state of the modern steel industry in the USA will also be described further in the study. 1. Historical Background When the steel industry faced the crisis in 1977-1978, it wasn’t something new and unknown, because the industry had already had problems and hard times starting at the end of the 1950s due to the increase of imports. The state of the steel industry at that time was characterized by prolonged growth, which was even worsened by the rising of imports, lowering profits and constant misunderstandings with the USA government on the matter of pricing policies. By the end of the 1960s, the problem with import became so acute that the leaders in the steel industry had no other choice but to refer to the government, which they tried to persuade to â€Å"negotiate import restrictions with Japanese and European exporters of steel† [3]. Having acknowledged the necessity to protect domestic producers of steel, the government prepared a so-called â€Å"protectionist legislation† aiming at eliminating the amount of imported steel into the country. However, taken measures seemed not to be working. Despite the fact that the year of 1974 was rather successful for the steel industry, it was followed by the significant recession in 1975, which â€Å"plunged the industry back into a depressed state – a condition from which it has not recovered† [3]. What caused the recession? The author of the book â€Å"The U.S. Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World† Robert W. Crandall names several reasons, including the â€Å"increase of the environmental costs† and the â€Å"labor costs† [3]. As a result of the increase of imports and the failure of the government to control it, a lot of steel mills had either to close down or to decrease the number of workers. The ones that chose to close turned into places like Youngstown, which became â€Å"a place of naked ruins, junk heaps of indiscernible provenance or pint-sized industrial follow-ons, including a few steel processing plants and one â€Å"mini-mi ll,† which doesn’t make steel but simply melts scrap metal into reusable form† [10]. According to statistical evidence, about 10,000 people were employed there â€Å"before first one; then another big steel company shut down until US Steel struck the final blow in 1979† [10]. In 2002, the mini-mill which still exists and operates in that area employed only â€Å"about 430† workers [10]. Examples of the shutting down of mills and employees dismissal are multiple. At the beginning of the 1980s, the community was shocked when â€Å"U.S. Steel added to the record-breaking chill by announcing it would permanently lay off 15,400 workers and close part or all of twenty-nine mills, the largest shutdown in American history† [1]. 2. Significant Reasons Causing the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal of the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal of the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal of the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Having spoken about critical historical facts concerning the decline of manufacturing jobs in the U.S. steel industry, it is necessary to examine major reasons that influenced the decline. The first reason is the decision of U.S. government to seize some of the steel mills in the USA at the beginning of the 1950s. This happened on the 8th of April, 1952, when â€Å"President Harry S. Truman announced that, to avert a strike, the federal government was seizing the steel mills of all the major companies involved in a labor dispute with the United Steelworkers of America† [7]. It is not necessarily the most important reason, because other reasons seem to have even more influence on the steel industry of the USA, however, the actions of the President provoked much discontent and irritation, because before that nobody has â€Å"taken over the major portion of an industry as basic to the American economy as steel† [7]. It marked the beginning of crisis not only for the steel industry, but also it resulted in a political and constitutional crisis for the whole country, or in a so-called â€Å"war power between Congress and the President† [4]. The second reason consists of two interrelated reasons, which have impacted the US steel industry the most and have resulted in the significant cut downs of jobs all over the country. These two reasons include the growth of imports and U.S. government’s failure to control it. The steel industry had faced a lot of problems before; however, the real crisis began in 1977. In the middle of 1970s, the industry started its recovery, which was abruptly â€Å"aborted by a sudden surge in imports and the price-cutting associated with this surge† [3]. As a result of the increasing amount of imports several major companies closed, the income of the industry lowered to the â€Å"zero† mark. It became clear that without government’s assistance industry would not be able to survive. The U.S. government understood the importance to design a set of policies â€Å"to ease the pressure on the steel industry and its employees, induce the companies to withdraw or suspend the ir dumping complaints, quiet the congressional proponents of trade protection, and minimize the contribution to domestic inflation, which was rising to 7 percent and beyond† [3]. However, the plan that was proposed by Anthony Solomon to accomplish all of the goals described above did not address the real needs of the industry, which continued to dismiss its workers by closing down more and more mills. Measures that should have been taken by the government at that period had to be stricter, maybe even in the form of protectionism to help the industry face severe competition from cheaper imports. Instead, the plan that was designed aimed at helping the steel industry â€Å"in its struggle with foreign competitors by assuring â€Å"fair† competition and reasonable domestic tax and environmental policies† [3]. Also, it remains unclear why the U.S. government waited for so long to design these policies, which indeed came out only after nearly 20 years from the beginni ng of the steel industry crisis. The help should have been provided earlier. This is how the actions of the government are described in the article by Michael Waller â€Å"U.S. in Steel Trap†: â€Å"The domestic steel industry and other industries vital to U.S. national defense is being killed off by policymakers in Washington who are caught up in a â€Å"free-trade fervor† [9]. And the most awkward consequence of such actions can be seen when the U.S. Army needs the products of the steel industry, and it has to go to the world market to find it. This is how it happened when the U.S. Army found the need for new soldiers’ berets. Instead of buying them from domestic producers, â€Å"it had to go to Communist China to have them made. No U.S. company could produce them to the required quality and specifications† [9]. Some of the scientists tried to explain such a weird behavior of the U.S. government. These explanations can be found in the article â€Å"Of fshoring in the Service Sector: Economic Impact and Policy Issues† by Alan Garner, who states that â€Å"Economic research finds that protectionism is a costly way to preserve U.S. jobs† [5]. Instead, the author is convinced that the better way out is to â€Å"adopt policies that ease the reallocation of labor and capital to industries with stronger competitive positions† [5]. The sequential reason of lack of government regulations to aid the steel industry, which also contributed to the decline of manufacturing jobs in the U.S. steel industry, is the lack of competitive strength of U.S. mills as compared to Chinese and Japanese mills, for example, which at that time produced more qualitative products and at cheaper prices. Of course, having no or negative profits makes the owners of the steel mills lay off the workers because there is no sense in continuing the operation. The following reason which impacted the number of employees in the U.S. steel industry is deindustrialization. The process of deindustrialization has touched all of the world nations. It is characterized by the reduction of the employment in the manufacturing sector and the decrease of the number of people employed in the service sector of the national economy. Some of the scientists state that the decrease of manufacturing jobs in the steel industry is due to the decrease of the industrial capacity of the steel industry, which is partially true; however, it is necessary not to forget about the lack of competitive ability as compared to imports. Factors which contributed to the process of deindustrialization in the USA include: â€Å"a lack of investment in basic production, plant closings and layoffs, and the large negative merchandise trade balance as evidence that the United States is losing its manufacturing base† [6]. People that have been laid off started to shift to the service sector, but those who couldn’t shift had to remain unemployed. The process of deindustrialization does not only mean shifting of the jobs to the service sector. However, it means the decline of the manufacturing industries as a whole, which is followed by the reduction of employment and the decrease of net profits. In conclusion to this point, reasons that contributed to the decline of manufacturing jobs in the United States steel industry include the increase of foreign imports and lack of competitive advantage to resist it; government failure to eliminate the pressure on the U.S. steel industry from the side of foreign producers; deindustrialization and shift of the jobs from industrial sector to service sector of economy; lack of investment in the steel industry; decrease of profits; and bankruptcy of the steel mills. 3. Modern State of the Steel Industry in the USA There is no doubt that the U.S. steel industry will continue to exist and will survive all of the hardships. However, the structure of it is constantly changing, adopting new technologies, changing ownership and adapting to a new competitive environment. It is necessary to acknowledge that â€Å"both changing technology and international competition have contributed to a tougher and more competitive environment for American steelmaking† [2], but the centers of the steel industry are still situated in the eastern parts of the country. For example, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana employ nearly â€Å"44 percent of all steelworkers†. In 2004 employment in the steel industry calculated about â€Å"156,000 wage and salary jobs† [11].The majority of workers are employed by large firms, which can be seen from the following chart. Conclusion Having spoken about the reasons which impacted the number of workers in the U.S. steel industry and contributed to its decline, it is necessary to conclude. As it has been stated above, the process of deindustrialization has been a characteristic feature peculiar to all countries all over the world. And the USA is not an exception at this point. However, not only deindustrialization contributed to the decline of manufacturing jobs in the U.S. steel industry. The U.S. government could have taken more effective measures to protect the steel industry from foreign competition; however, it failed to do it. Besides, the development of modern technologies allowed the industry to reduce the number of jobs by adopting new technologies requiring the minimum of human interference. Also, lack of competitiveness and investment in the sector have made it less profitable leaving the owners of the steel companies no other choice as to reduce the number of steelworkers. BibliographyAdelman, L., Daressa, L., Schmiechen, B. (1984). Steelworker Revival: Waking from the American Dream. The Nation, Vol. 238, March 3.Cooney, S. (2003). The American Steel Industry: A Changing Profile. Retrieved March 1, 2007 from www.house.gov/english/pdf/steel.pdfCrandall, R.W. (1981). The U.S. Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World. The Brookings Institution.Devins, N., Fisher, L. (2002). The Steel Seizure Case: One of a Kind? Constitutional Commentary, Vol. 19.Garner, A. (2004). Offshoring in the Service Sector: Economic Impact and Policy Issues. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City – Economic Review.Kutscher, R.E., Personick, V.A. (1986). Deindustrialization and the Shift to Services. Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 109.Marcus, M. (1994). Truman and the Steel Seizure Case: The Limits of Presidential Power. Duke University Press.Treado, C.D. (2005). The Pittsburgh Cluster Of Suppliers To The Steel Industry: A Cluster Under A Bushel Ba sket. Retrieved March 1, 2007 from www.industrystudies.pitt.edu/papers/cluster-bushelbasket.pdfWaller, M.J. (2001). U.S. in Steel Trap Magazine article by J. Michael Waller; Insight on the News, Vol. 17, September 17.Wypijewski, J. (2002). Whose Steel? Dead Ends, New Beginnings – the Industry’s 25-Year Crisis. How Can It Be Saved? The Nation, Vol. 275, July 15.Steel Manufacturing. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved March 1, 2007 from http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs014.htm At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on any related topics. Your proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details:

America and the First World War Essays

America and the First World War Essays America and the First World War Essay America and the First World War Essay Under then president Woodrow Wilson, America did not enter the major conflicts erupting in Europe. The initial stand of the Wilson administration was to remain neutral despite warnings that America will eventually be drawn towards the war (Lynch, p. 422). The facts that America just had enough soldiers to federalize under national service and that the country just had a previous campaign in Mexico and realizing thereafter its shortcomings in terms of military strategy and arsenal further forced the Wilson leadership to step back from the ensuing First World War. However, as things turned out, America became unable to resist the call of participating in the global conflict. For the most part, European events pushed America to participate, events such as the submarine warfare Germany declared towards any military force not belonging to the Central Powers, the American casualties resulting from the conflicts in the high seas, and the sinking of the ocean liner Lusitania. The unwillingne ss of the German leadership to recall its hostile policies that were causing much damage to America forced Wilson to seek the approval of Congress to declare and participate in the war. These things being said, it is relatively easy to understand why America was hesitant at first to participate in the First World War. It barely had the sufficient amount of military resources and tactics to provide the most needed supplies in engaging in a full scale battle. Nevertheless, the most pressing situations America faced later on from the hands of the German forces eventually outweighed all its reasons to remain neutral and avoid the conflict. At best, America’s decision to participate in the war can be seen as a reaction to the unwarranted losses that the country received at the height of the war. The participation of the United States of America in the First World War is not without its consequences on a domestic level. The political, economic and social development aspects of the country were greatly placed in radical shifts. As a result, the post-war era was a time when several new things came about and changed the way Americans lived. One of the most notable results of the war is that America became more of an industrial nation rather than an agricultural nation. That is because the country’s previous engagement in the First World War forced it to manufacture military vehicles such as the airplane. Towards the end of the war, America now had a great amount of industries capable of producing airplanes, among others, for commercial purposes. The mass production of automobiles was yet another milestone for America after the war. Another effect of the war was the abrupt increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of America. This was a direct result of the heavy purchases of Allied members to America at the height of the war (Koubi, p. 69). In order to pay the purchases made, Britain, for instance, heavily invested in American railroad systems while borrowing huge amounts of money from Wall Street at the same time. Germany, for its part, paid its loans to America in terms of war reparations which were supported on the other hand by more American loans. In general, the American economy began to glide on a sharp boom, thereby resulting to what is now known today as the period of the â€Å"roaring twenties† where everything mass produced was almost readily available for public consumption that â€Å"consumer culture† is said to have defined that period in a way (Stark, Bainbridge and Kent, p. 142). Another defining characteristic of post-war American era is that it was a time when women gained wider role in the society. Since the participation of America in the First World War inevitably paved the way for the mass conscription of men who were the primary wage earners in most American families, women faced the role of having to fill-in the shoes of their conscripted male family members. The American workforce whose laborers were largely replaced by women therefore became a sight where women became seen more and more. The greater participation of women in American society at the time also influenced the increase in the struggle for the right of women to suffrage or to vote. Thus, the post-war era in America gave women increasing social roles that were neither prevalent nor seen prior to America’s participation in the First World War. A political side of the post-war era is the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic drinks across the country. It was designed to thwart-off the crime and violence in the country by prohibiting the acquisition of the root cause of the many social ills at the time. The Amendment proved to be futile and even worse as organized crime increased and illicit trade of alcoholic beverages became a force to reckon with (Farish, p. 276). The Volstead Act, the law that enforced the Eighteenth Amendment, was barely able to meet the objectives of making America free from alcohol and of putting back the country’s morality. Instead of lessening the sources of alcoholic drinks for Americans, the Amendment eventually gave rise to the â€Å"speakeasies,† bars not seen by the public and where people could easily order their preferred alcoholic beverage. All of these were radical shift s in the different social, political and economic aspects of America after the First World War.

REGIONAL INTEGRATION OF GCC COUNTRIES THE CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND Essay

REGIONAL INTEGRATION OF GCC COUNTRIES THE CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF GCC PERFORMANCE AGAINST ITS OBJECTIVES IN THE REGI - Essay Example However, the GCC did set a number of different economic goals. In addition to the goals set forth below, the GCC decided to adopt a common oil policy; coordinate industrial policy; promote joint projects by coordinating production chains; adopt a common legal framework to aid in regional investment and trade; and link transportation networks.5 Previous to the GCC, the Arab world, similar to other developing countries, has had high tariffs, heavy state intervention in production and industries that were uncompetitive. The previous attempts to liberalize capital, trade and labour flows were implemented inconsistently and did not have implementation or follow-up.6 Part of the reason for this is because the countries in the Arab world wanted to protect their domestic industries from competition from other countries that had similar products and services to offer, and each country wanted a discretionary trade policy. Therefore, previous attempts to integrate the economics of the countries in the Arab world were modest and unsuccessful, as they focused mostly on tariff reduction, while ignoring regional trade in services and cross-border investments. 7 The regional integration that was the GCC’s objectives consisted of many different prongs. First, in 1983, the GCC pledged to establish a free trade area (FTA). Under the FTA, the GCC eliminated tariffs on goods of national origins, while the countries in the GCC were able to keep their own external tariffs. While this is a positive measure, in that it encourages trade within the countries of the GCC, there is also a drawback. The drawback is that other countries will export to the country in the GCC that has the lowest external tariffs in order to access all the markets within that region.8 The FTA was only the first step. The next step, which occurred 10 years after the establishment of the FTA, was the agreement to set a common external tariff (CET) which addresses the problem stated above concerning countrie s targeting GCC countries with the lowest tariffs. Ten years after that, in 2003, the GCC established the Customs Union (CU), which was the culmination of the CET agreement. The CU mandated that the tariffs from all goods exported from outside the region would be 5% for the GCC as a whole, while exempting certain commodities.9 However, this apparently was never implemented.10 The CU would represent a high level of economic integration, as it combines the internal elimination of tariffs with the external trade restrictions and tariff harmonization, which cements the union of the countries, in that it requires the creation of a common regulatory body along with common policies regarding external trade. 11 The single market was implemented at roughly the same time as the FTA. What the single market concept does is that it enables individuals to freely move from country to another within the GCC zone for employment and residential purposes. Therefore, an individual can move from one cou ntry in the GCC to another and enjoy the same right of ownership, inheritance and bequest in

Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse Five Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse Five - Essay Example The focus on Billy’s self-awareness creates a crucial moment in his character development. This discovery paves the way for Billy to spread the Tralfamadorian gospel on earth. His recognition of the effect of Febs on his psyche demonstrates a great deal of self-awareness. The interaction of Billy and the historian in chapter nine demonstrates the interchangeable nature of history and fiction. Despite his spurious stories of time travel and alien abduction, it is possible that Billy had been a soldier in World War II. My understanding of reality is confused by the things that Billy sees when he visits the bookstore in Times Square. There are books by Kilgore Trout in the store’s window. The books talk about aliens abducting a man. This is the most difficult thing to understand in this novel because I am left to wonder whether it a coincidence that Billy looks at the Trout book before he talks about his experience that is similar to what the book describes. In the last chapter, the novel suggests that a bird-talk makes as much sense as the talk of anyone about war. The problem of dignity returns. Vonnegut talks about the equalizing power of death that brings dignity at high price. He shows how the war has made the idea of climax

Estimating Demand and Forecasting Sales and Sales Force Simulation Essay

Estimating Demand and Forecasting Sales and Sales Force Simulation Summary - Essay Example Sales forecasting is also very valuable when a company is embarking in new ventures such as expansion plans. Sales forecasting is not exact science and many business experts consider it an art. Forecasting methods include both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Jury of executive opinion is a popular forecasting technique. The technique is based on the Delphi method (Estimating Demand and Forecasting Sales and Sales Force Simulation). This technique uses the knowledge of experts in a systematic manner. The experts create a panel in which open discussion and questionnaires are used to find a solution. Biased and tension among the group of experts opinions is eliminated by creating confidentiality through anonymity. In a study realized by Mentzer & Kahn on forecasting techniques they found that after been exposed to long period of times managers preferred the jury of executive opinion forecasting technique over other methods. As a general rule a company should apply the same forecasting technique when realizing an analysis with different data. The advantange is that the anaysis has a strong comparison base due to consistancy across the board. In the case of a sales forecast for entering new markets the general rule does not apply. When a company is the process of gathering data of different markets a lot different paraments enter into the equation. It might not be possible to gather the same type of data from the different markets. Also different behavioral tendencies of a market make alternative sales forecasting methods more suituble for particual situations. In the sales management simulation studied the company analyzing two different potential markets to introduce a beer product found that the two countries had different cultures and consumer tendencies. Different sales forecasting methods were utilized to create a sales forecast for each country. When a company determines its sales forecasting it must also determine the

Development of Insulin using Recombinant DNA Technologies

Development of Insulin using Recombinant DNA Technologies Alistair Jones The use of biotechnology within medicine; diabetes and development of insulin using recombinant DNA technologies Abstract Proteins act as a catalyst for metabolic reactions and responsible for inter and intracellular reactions and signalling events essential for life(Ferrer-Miralles, et al., 2009) Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with numerous aetiologies; it can be defined by chronic hyperglycaemia which will cause an effect on the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This detrimental effect is from the lack of insulin action, insulin secretion or a combination of them both. Diabetes causes long term damage, dysfunction and failure of a range of major organs. (Consulation, 1999) Through the use of clinical administration missing proteins can be sourced from external sources to reach normal concentrations within the tissular or systemic level. As a number of important studies have all confirmed the importance of the use of strengthened insulin treatment for the reduction and minimisation of long term diabetic complications; it is of great importance and pharmaceutical value that huma n proteins can be sourced (Lindholm, 2002) Through the use of biochemical and genetic knowledge the production of insulin has become available and this industrial scale of therapeutic protein production is the first true application of recombinant DNA technology. (Swartz, 2001, Walsh, 2003) E.coli can be considered as the first microorganism for the production of proteins and is primarily used for genetic modification, cloning and small-scale production for research purposes. Many historical developments within molecular genetics and microbial physiology have been based within this species which has results in a collection of both information and molecular tools. (Ferrer-Miralles, et al., 2009) Discussion Proteins act as a catalyst for metabolic reactions and responsible for inter and intracellular reactions and signalling events essential for life; consequently , a deficiency in the production of polypeptides or production of non-functional of relevant proteins will derive in pathologies which can range from mild to severe (Ferrer-Miralles, et al., 2009). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with numerous aetiologies; it can be defined by chronic hyperglycaemia which will cause an effect on the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This detrimental effect is from the lack of insulin action, insulin secretion or a combination of them both. Diabetes causes long term damage, dysfunction and failure of a range of major organs. The characteristics presented with diabetes are weight loss, polyuria, blurring of vision and thirst; the more severe cases will cause ketoacidosis or a non-ketotic hypersmolar state which will lead onto comas, stupor and left untreated death. As the symptoms are often not severe and go undetected for long periods of time, hyperglycaemia can cause pathological and functional changes before a diagnosis can be made. Diabetes causes a multitude of long term affects which include, but not limited to; the failure of the renal system, a two to four times increased risk of cardiovascular disease and potentia l blindness. There are a number of pathogenetic processes which can be involved in the development of diabetes; these will include the processes which destroy the insulin creating beta cells within the pancreas and the creation of a resistance to insulin action ( Alberti, et al., 2006, Consulation, 1999) A combination of metabolic disorders known as metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the combination of hyperglycaemia, hypertension and gout and other cardiovascular risk factors which predict a high risk of developing diabetes. People who have MetS are of the highest risk of the development of type 2 diabetes as it is present up to five times higher within people with this syndrome; this is due to the fact that glucose dysregulation is already present (Alberti, et al., 2006). Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease can be seen to be of similar ascendants. Inflammation markers have been associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in adults; although this may be part of the autoimmune response they will also reflect the pathogenesis (Schmidt, et al., 1999) Abnormal metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates is caused by the deficient insulin action on target tissues due to the insensitivity or lack of insulin. (Consulation, 1999) Through the use of clinical administration missing proteins can be sourced from external sources to reach normal concentrations within the tissular or systemic level. As a number of important studies have all confirmed the importance of the use of strengthened insulin treatment for the reduction and minimisation of long term diabetic complications; with human insulin being the first line of treatment; it is of great importance and pharmaceutical value that human proteins can be sourced, as this is difficult to do from natural sources (Lindholm, 2002) . We are far past the times of animal sourced insulin’s and we are reaching the turning point in the use of recombinant DNA technologies; which were developed during the late 70’s and uses E.coli as a biological framework for the production of pr oteins of interest through relatively inexpensive procedures. Recombinant DNA technology not only offers the ability to create straightforward proteins but also provides the tools to produce protein molecules with alternative and modified features. (Mariusz, 2011) There are several obstacles in the production of proteins through the use of E.coli however, as it lacks the ability to make post-translational modifications (PTMs) present within the majority of eukaryotic proteins (Ferrer-Miralles, et al., 2009). Recombinant DNA insulin’s are, therefore, gradually being replaced by the more highly efficient insulin analogues (Bell, 2007, Ferrer-Miralles, et al., 2009). Clinically, insulin analogues have been used since the late 1990s, the reason behind insulin modification for subcutaneous injection is to produce absorption properties that better suit the rate of supply from the injection to the physiological need. (Jonassen, et al., 2012) Insulin analogues have the properties of being able to be either rapid acting such as glusine, aspart or lispro or be a long lasting molecule such as glargine and detemir, these can also be used in combination with protamine, these premixed insulin’s provide a more sustained action (Bell, 2007). The combination of biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry is a product of an evolution within technology and product innovation; which has become a result in advances within science and business practices. The biotechnology based products are thought of as intelligent pharmaceuticals as they often provide new modes and mechanisms in the action and approach to disease control with improved success rate and better patient care. (Evens Kaitin, 2014) Through the use of biochemical and genetic knowledge the production of insulin has become available and this industrial scale of therapeutic protein production is the first true application of recombinant DNA technology. (Swartz, 2001, Walsh, 2003) Although, as insulin is required in such high volumes the product yields of the vast amount of the currently available secretory systems are not currently sufficient enough to make it fully competitive. The current ideas and strategies being used to help improve the efficiency and producti vity of secretion are numerous. (Schmidt, 2004) Cultivation of insulin can be done conveniently within microbial cells such as bacteria and yeast. During the 80’s the FDA approved the use of human insulin produced from recombinant E.coli for the treatment of diabetes, this was the first recombinant protein pharmaceutical to enter the market. Thanks to the versatility and possibilities created through the use of recombinant protein production a large sector of opportunities for pharmaceutical companies opened up. (Ferrer-Miralles, et al., 2009) Since the approval of insulin in 1982 there are now currently more than 200 biotech products available commercially and research has expanded this to over 900 products being tested within clinical trials. Pharmaceuticals are engaged within the development of these products substantially as well as their commercialisation (Evens Kaitin, 2014). This acknowledges the fact that although the microbial systems lack the post translational modifications they are able to efficiently and conve niently produce functional mammalian recombinant proteins. Specific strains of many microbial species have now been created and adapted towards protein production; and the incorporation of yeasts and eukaryotic systems is now in place for protein production. (Ferrer-Miralles, et al., 2009). The use of E.coli expression system is the preferable choice for production of therapeutic proteins, amongst the 151 pharmaceuticals licensed in January 2009 30% where obtained in E.coli, this is due its ability to allow for efficient and economical production of proteins on both a lab scale and within industry (Mariusz, 2011, Swartz, 2001). During insulin production within E.coli the gene is fused with a synthetic fragment encoding for two IgG binding domains which have been derived from staphylococcal protein A. This product is then secreted into the growth medium of E.coli and purified using the IgG affinity. (Moks, et al., 1987) E.coli can be considered as the first microorganism for the production of proteins and is primarily used for genetic modification, cloning and small-scale production for research purposes. Many historical developments within molecular genetics and microbial physiology have been based within this species which has results in a collection of both information and molecular tools. (Ferrer-Miralles, et al., 2009) E.coli flourishes at a temperature of 37Â °C but the proteins are in insoluble form. Fusion protein technology has been able to increase the solubility of over expressed proteins, through the modification of selected amino acid residues allowing for the collection of soluble proteins (Zhang, et al., 1998). Due to the lack of the mechanisms to enable PTMs in bacterial cells protein maturation and disulfide bridges can be, to an extent overcome through the use of protein engineering (Mariusz, 2011). PTMs are crucial in protein folding, stability, processing and activity; therefore, proteins lacking the PMTs may be unstable, insoluble or inactive. However it is possible to synthetically bind PTMs to products, and through genetic engineering of DNA, the amino acid sequence of the polysaccharide can be changed to alter its properties this has been observed within insulin. (Ferrer-Miralles, et al., 2009) For more sophisticated modifications the genetic fusion of two proteins is required (Mariusz, 2011) An increase number of proteins being produced are engineered and tailored to display altered pharmacokinetic profiles and reduce immunogenicity. (Walsh, 2003) Even with the pharmaceutical market progressively producing more protein drugs from non-microbial systems; cell-free protein synthesis and oxidative cytoplasmic folding offers alternatives to the standard recombinant production techniques, it has not effect or impaired the development and progression of products developed within microbial systems proving the robustness of the microbial systems. (Ferrer-Miralles, et al., 2009, Swartz, 2001) In the future Radio Frequency Identification technology will play an important role; however there are some barriers in place for the pharmaceutical supply chain, as there have been concerns raised concerning the potential detrimental effect on the proteins due to the electromagnetic exposure. Alterations have been detected after the RFID however the effect and damages to the protein remain unknown (Acierno, et al., 2010) Works Cited Acierno, R. et al., 2010. Potential effects of RFID systems on biotechnology insulin preparation: A study using HPLC and NMR spectroscopy. Complex Medical Engineering (CME), pp. 198 203. Alberti, K. G. M. M., Zimmet, P. Shaw, J., 2006. Metabolic syndrome—a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetic Medicine, 23(5), pp. 469-480. Bell, D., 2007. Insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus: how can the currently available injectable insulins be most prudently and efficaciously utilised?. Drugs, 67(13), pp. 1813-1827. Consulation, 1999. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. W. H. O., Volume 1. Evens, R. Kaitin, K., 2014. The Biotechnology Innovation Machine—A Source of Intelligent Biopharmaceuticals for the Pharma Industry: Mapping Biotechnology’s Success. [Pre press] submitted to: Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics, Volume Last excessed, 27/03/2014, p. Avalible from: http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/vaop/naam/abs/clpt201414a.html. Ferrer-Miralles, N. et al., 2009. Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals. Microbial Cell Factories , 8(7). Jonassen, I. et al., 2012. Design of the Novel Protraction Mechanism of Insulin Degludec, an Ultra-long-Acting Basal Insulin. [Online] Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11095-012-0739-z/fulltext.html [Accessed 2014 March 27]. Lindholm, A., 2002. New insulins in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 16(3), pp. 475-92. Mariusz, K., 2011. Engineering of Therapeutic Proteins Production in Escherichia coli. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 12(2), pp. 268-274. Moks, T. et al., 1987. Large–Scale Affinity Purification of Human Insulin–Like Growth Factor I from Culture Medium of Escherichia Coli. Nature Biotechnology, Volume 5, pp. 379-382. Schmidt, F., 2004. Recombinant expression systems in the pharmaceutical industry. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 65(4), pp. 363-372. Schmidt, M. et al., 1999. Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study): a cohort study. The Lancet, 353(9165), p. 1649–1652. Swartz, J., 2001. Advances in Escherichia coli production of therapeutic proteins. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 12(2), pp. 195-201. Walsh, G., 2003. Pharmaceutical biotechnology products approved within the European Union. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 55(1), pp. 3-10. Zhang, Y. et al., 1998. Expression of Eukaryotic Proteins in Soluble Form in Escherichia coli. Protein Expression and Purification, 12(2), pp. 159-165.

Essay --

Who knew the two most powerful African Americans that influence countless of people in history and wrote their one of many most inspirational work while locked up in jail? Martin Luther King Jr. was incarcerated because the city officials issued a court injunction to prohibit the civil rights marches in Birmingham. Whereas, Malcolm x was arrested for burglary while trying to pick up a stolen watch he had left for repairs at a jewelry shop. The fight for civil right was taken in the 1960's, where racism was a problem. Whites discriminated blacks because they thought they weren't equal to them. This is where Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcom X come in, they are well known African Americans leaders who fought for what they believed, in many different ways. Martin Luther King Jr. are both strong representations of two different approaches to a common goal. Martin Luther King Jr. was a civil rights leader who grew up in a middle class family and was well educated. King was always against violence, even thru his entire ministry. He believed in an integrated society between blacks and whites in one American society based upon the promises of the founding fathers of American that all men were created equal and had the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Even though, he was physically and verbally attacked he always stood his ground and never fought with violence. While in jail for 8 days Martin Luther King Jr. compose â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† The letter was evidently a response to a letter that recently ran in the local newspapers by the Birmingham Clergy. Which had claimed that the protesters were â€Å"unwise and untimely†. However, Dr. King chose to express himself in writing instead of violence, by replying â€Å"Seldom, ... ...res, and plunder, and power.† By reading all these books it built hatred towards the whites and anticipated as a necessarily to fight for the human rights of the African American people. In contrast, to Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X decided to fight violence with violence. As a result of his action, know his well known as the ideal civil rights activists for African Americans. Martin Luther King and Malcolm x are both strong representations of two different approaches to a common goal. Martin Luther King Jr. preferred a nonviolence approach to the situation. Whereas, Malcolm X handled racism in a violent approach. However, both man believed African Americans deserved their human rights and equal say. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in an integrated society while Malcolm X wanted African Americans to have their segregated neighborhoods just as good as the whites. Essay -- Who knew the two most powerful African Americans that influence countless of people in history and wrote their one of many most inspirational work while locked up in jail? Martin Luther King Jr. was incarcerated because the city officials issued a court injunction to prohibit the civil rights marches in Birmingham. Whereas, Malcolm x was arrested for burglary while trying to pick up a stolen watch he had left for repairs at a jewelry shop. The fight for civil right was taken in the 1960's, where racism was a problem. Whites discriminated blacks because they thought they weren't equal to them. This is where Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcom X come in, they are well known African Americans leaders who fought for what they believed, in many different ways. Martin Luther King Jr. are both strong representations of two different approaches to a common goal. Martin Luther King Jr. was a civil rights leader who grew up in a middle class family and was well educated. King was always against violence, even thru his entire ministry. He believed in an integrated society between blacks and whites in one American society based upon the promises of the founding fathers of American that all men were created equal and had the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Even though, he was physically and verbally attacked he always stood his ground and never fought with violence. While in jail for 8 days Martin Luther King Jr. compose â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† The letter was evidently a response to a letter that recently ran in the local newspapers by the Birmingham Clergy. Which had claimed that the protesters were â€Å"unwise and untimely†. However, Dr. King chose to express himself in writing instead of violence, by replying â€Å"Seldom, ... ...res, and plunder, and power.† By reading all these books it built hatred towards the whites and anticipated as a necessarily to fight for the human rights of the African American people. In contrast, to Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X decided to fight violence with violence. As a result of his action, know his well known as the ideal civil rights activists for African Americans. Martin Luther King and Malcolm x are both strong representations of two different approaches to a common goal. Martin Luther King Jr. preferred a nonviolence approach to the situation. Whereas, Malcolm X handled racism in a violent approach. However, both man believed African Americans deserved their human rights and equal say. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in an integrated society while Malcolm X wanted African Americans to have their segregated neighborhoods just as good as the whites.